A comprehensive evaluation of non-explosive rock fragmentation techniques with focus on the potential of soundless chemical demolition agents (SCDA) in the surface mining of gemstone in Zambia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/3792/2026Abstract
Rock fragmentation methods in open-pit gemstone mining have developed to give priority to safety, environmental sustainability, and crystal integrity. Though effective, traditional drill-and-blast techniques can generate vibrations, adverse emissions, and structural damage, all of which could be detrimental in fragile geological settings. Costs, application in hard rocks, and operational inefficiency remain issues despite the fact that mechanical excavation and evolving thermal and hydraulic technologies have provided some solutions. In response, there has been a growing interest in non-explosive alternatives, particularly Soundless Chemical Demolition Agents (SCDAs). This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of non-blasting rock fragmentation techniques with an emphasis on the efficiency, economic feasibility, and operational constraints of SCDAs in gemstone mining. SCDA technology has shown promising results in preserving gem purity and reducing environmental impact, despite ongoing challenges. These include increased reaction times that hinder output, decreased performance in saturated or high-stress environments, and temperature sensitivity. The contextual relevance of the SCDA application is further highlighted by field-based knowledge from lateritic regions, such as Zambia. Developments in formulation chemistry, fracture modelling, and borehole design have also demonstrated promise in overcoming current limitations. This study identifies key factors influencing SCDA effectiveness and provides tactical strategies to improve their applicability in high-value mineral extraction through a comprehensive review of recent studies and field testing. Ultimately, this article supports a paradigm change towards excavation techniques based on state-of-the-art non-explosive technology that are safer, cleaner, and more accuracy-focused.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Sitembile Ncube, Prof. Francois Mulenga
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